Researching Markets

Conducting a systematic market search takes time, but normally pays off in the long run. Considering many of the factors involved with exporting in the beginning will save you from misfortunes in the end.

How Should You Conduct Market Research?
The two types of market research most businesses conduct are primary and secondary market research.

• Primary Market Research
  The data is collected directly from the foreign marketplace initiating phone interviews, employing surveys, and directly contacting potential customers and representatives. Because it is tailored to a specific company and product, primary market research is time consuming and expensive. As a result, most small businesses begin researching their markets using secondary market research techniques.
• Secondary Market Research
  The data is collected from a number of resources including:
  - International news reports (televised, in print, and on-line)
  - Trade and economic statistics (in print, and online)
  - Trade agencies

Generally, exporters use all of these resources in combination starting with the first two, and conclude by confirming (and gathering additional) information from Trade Managers and Export Specialists at the given agencies.

Classifying the Product

Begin conducting market research by classifying your product to gather relevant trade statistics. This section will help you understand how product classification systems relate to market research. Additionally, the most helpful classification systems are explained along with details on where you can find codes for your product, and what you will want to do with them to progress with your research.

Why Must You Classify Your Product?

Most U.S. and foreign entities categorize exported (and imported) products to collect meaningful data for economic analyses. Products are first categorized broadly into groups and then broken down into detailed classifications. There are many different classification systems. We will cover the four most common.Knowing which classification codes represent your product can help you track where similar products are being shipped, quantities shipped, and the revenue generated off the shipments. Also, it can help you gather other relevant demographic and economic information about potential markets.

What Classification System Should You Use to Classify Your Product?There are many types of classification systems, differing from one another in format and purpose. These are the four classification systems you need to know about to effective conduct market research:

·         Harmonized System (HS) and the Schedule B
·         Standard International Trade Classification (SITC) system
·         Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) system, which is being replaced by
·         North American Industry Classification System (NAICS)

What do you do with the classification results?
After you classify your product and ascertain the necessary codes, you will be ready to gather the trade statistics on your product. Many resources and reports exist that will help you gather market data.

Statistical Trade Resources

• The Port Import Export Research Service (PIERS) contains original research materials and other relevant public domain information. Access resources identifying state origin of exports, data on exports by commodity and by port, and U.S. foreign trade highlights.
• The U.S. Commercial Service website provides a database search for industry information, which can be cross-referenced by region, country, date, and report type.·        
• Trade Data Services of the U.S. Census Bureau provide free foreign trade statistics and reports 
• FT900 U.S. Merchandise Trade by SITC and SIC Codes - Read this source for monthly/annual general trade analyses by commodity groups and selected countries, available at Trade Data Services of the U.S. Census Bureau.·        
• EM545 U.S. Exports of Domestic and Foreign Merchandise - Subscription available through Trade Data Services of the U.S. Census Bureau. Information found within this source come in the form of a computer-generated report based on Schedule B commodity codes. Use this source to track specific situations.·        
• Trade Data & Analysis of the U.S. Commercial Service.  
  
• Trade Promotion Service Centers. Find experts versed in the ins and outs of trade within California.

What Other Aspects of Your Product Should Be Analyzed While Conducting Market Research?
Think about who your typical buyer will be, who would benefit from using the product, and document the characteristics of the potential customer. Exporters with new products that are not yet classified may develop a customer profile to document the characteristics of a person or company that would buy their products. If this is the case, exporters may also want to gather trade statistics relating to the general group to which their product belongs.
Also, think about the quality of your product and the most appropriate price in any given country. To estimate a price, calculate the expense of manufacturing, storing and shipping the product, and consider increasing that number a percentage. However, your pricing structure may be affected by the economic climate of the given market, the exchange rate, and the purchasing power of your consumer base.

Identify Potential Markets
Using the classification codes from the last section, and referencing appropriate resources, you will be able to access specific trade statistics on your product. Many of the statistical resources mentioned will display information that may reveal:

• Where a Product is Being Exported To
  By looking at where a product is being exported to, you can identify markets into which like products are being sold. This information may indicate that an infrastructure (political, cultural, and economical) exists that will possibly support the sale of your product.
• Where a Product is Being Imported From
  By looking at where a product is being imported from, you can identify both domestic and international competitors by country and state. Highly competitive markets may be worth entering given that the standards or quality of your product and how you service it meet certain needs. However, too much competition as you begin to export may make it more difficult and expensive to penetrate a given market. Instead, look at entering smaller markets where few competitors have set up shop. If competitors are doing well and you foresee market growth potential, you may have an opportunity to start at the "ground" floor and grow with the market.
• How Much Product (In Dollars and Quantities) is Being Shipped
  By looking at how much of the product is being shipped in dollars and quantities, you can estimate the actual size of the marketplace. Later, you will need to consider the market population holistically (by country), and determine the gross national product (GNP) statistics for each country. Consider how much of the population is buying the product (factoring in the quantities shipped and the revenue generated). Is a small sector of the population purchasing most of the product? Or is a large number of the population exercising their purchasing power?
• Product's Trade History
  By looking at a summary of the product's trade history over the last few years, you can estimate if the market is growing or shrinking consistently, or emerging. Look at shipments over the last three to five years and you see which markets are growing consistently. Does the growth record indicate a trend? Identify markets that are shrinking. Is this reduction a result of a recession? Are there political or economical indicators that signal the potential for the market to emerge once the recession is over?

• How does your product or service compare with competition in the foreign market?
• Is your price competitive in the markets you're considering? Reflect on the monetary exchange rate, and current economic conditions in the markets you are pondering.
• Who are your major customers? Exporters with unique products that have not been classified or sold previously will want to develop a customer profile to determine the most likely audience that will buy his or her products or services.
  
  Identify Which Markets are Most Penetrable
  The three largest markets for U.S. products and services are Canada, Japan and Mexico. However, these countries may not be appropriate markets for your product. As you research countries consider their political and economic situation as well as their culture and customs. After determining markets in which your product is selling well, and identifying your competitors, consider the following questions:
  
  What Potential Market Trade Barriers exist?
  All businesses that participate in the global marketplace are met with some type of barriers when they enter, such as:
  
• Tariffs or taxes imposed on imported goods that, when high, may make it difficult to sell your product profitably in a foreign market.
• Non-tariff barriers, such as laws and regulations that countries enact to protect domestic industries against foreign competition. Non-tariff barriers include import quotas or restrictions on quality of imports.
• International Standards promoted by the International Standards Organization (ISO) involve establishing quality manufacturing and service standards, as well as certification and monitoring of changing standards world wide.
• Communication may be a problem if you do not speak your potential customer's language. Eliminate this barrier by ensuring someone on your staff knows the language (and culture) of your customer which may help put him or her more at ease.
• Distribution arrangements may present barriers if the market has not yet been explored by other U.S. businesses. Political and transportation infrastructures must be available for you to distribute your product or service most effectively. Connecting with a distributor or intermediary early in the process may help you identify if this barrier is of concern.
  
  Does your product need to be modified?
  Under certain conditions, product modifications are necessary to conform with foreign government regulations. They may also be necessary due to geographic, climatic, cultural, and electrical standards of foreign markets. If adaptations were not considered previously, be sure to analyze this aspect at this point to confirm that modification costs do not exceed your projected profits (making the product too expensive and unprofitable to export).
  
  Determine Markets to Research Further
  After identifying potential markets, considering competition, and looking at the feasibility of market entry, you will want to further research and evaluate those markets. The next section will take you through evaluating your target markets, and current information.Before you go on, make a list of 5 - 10 potential markets to target. Choose 3 - 5 large markets, and 3 - 5 smaller markets covering the bases of opportunities for potential international sales.

Evaluating Your Target Markets
Now that you have accumulated a list of potential markets, it’s time to narrow down your scope and identify the best two to three markets for your product. A checklist (50k PDF) from John Jagoe's Export Sales and Marketing Manual is available to help you evaluate your target markets. This checklist serves as a reminder of the many aspects involved in exporting. Also, it can be used to comparatively analyze the markets you are targeting and continuously narrow your scope.

Determine Characteristics and Risks Associated with Each Market
Identify characteristics and risks specific to the markets you are considering. These issues are covered in more detail below, and include:

1. Market Size
2. Market Growth
3. Market Accessibility
4. Economic Stability
5. Political Climate
6. Cultural Climate
7. Environmental Factors
8. Geographical Factors
   
   Market Size
   When examining market size, look at the overall population and estimate the percent of potential buyers within that population. Look at the numbers that suggest how much the population spends on this type of import. Identify if there are domestic or international competitors already providing a similar product. If there are, what is the production rate of each? If possible, determine the price your competitors are charging, and compare your product's price and quality against theirs.
   
   Entering smaller markets with few competitors may give you the opportunity to start at the "ground" floor and grow with the market. However, if you enter smaller markets beware of the barriers you may encounter as a result (e.g., transportation and political infrastructure problems).
   
   In researching demographics, look at the unemployment trends and educational levels of consumers. The more sophisticated the target market, the more difficult it may be to compete. Also identify the language and dialects spoken within a particular market and evaluate if you have the resources to communicate with customers in their language.
   
   Market Growth
   The growth rate of the market over the last few years will tell you if it is consistently growing or shrinking. The last three to five years of import history for your product (if available) within a given market as well as the trends and growth forecasts are critical to determine the market and its potential for growth? Has it reached its peak? Is the market saturated with like products? Is the number of imports increasing or decreasing? If the numbers are increasing consistently, the market is expanding. Consider markets that are larger with strong growth potential to increase profit margins and reduce production costs.
   
   Evaluate the industrial development stage of your market. Those that are just beginning to industrialize may not need the latest technologies. However, they may take advantage of the progress made in more developed markets and leap ahead bypassing earlier innovations and adopting the latest technologies to help build their infrastructure (e.g. the Middle East is considering fiber optics for telecommunications instead of copper wire due to its quality and price structure).
   
   Market Accessibility
   Many factors influence market accessibility.
   The following list may help you make that assessment and determine how accessible your product is to your targeted customers: 

• Import duties and tariffs costs may make sending your goods (or services) into the foreign marketplace unprofitable. To determine the duty or tariff rate, identify the Harmonized Tariff section which corresponds to your product. Remember, each country has its own schedule of duty rates.
• Local and foreign suppliers may influence your marketplace accessibility. Be sure you know who your international competitors are. Compare the price and quality of your product with the competition's.
• Sales representatives in your destination country can represent your product and act as an intermediary. Representatives may be able to give you ideas of the best ways to access the market and customers through different channels of distribution.
• Promotional practices, such as how you advertise and promote your product will affect how much of the targeted market will have access to (and know about) your product.
  
  Economic Stability
  Many factors affect economic stability of a marketplace and country. Is the economic climate thriving or diving? Recessing or growing? If possible, identify the GNP growth rate and per capita income. Also, ascertain the unemployment rate. This will affect how much of the market can actually spend money to buy your product. Markets that are stable and growing are obviously more attractive to conduct business with.
  
  Additionally, consider the availability of U.S. dollars in the target market. What is the exchange rate between the U.S. dollar and your destination contry? Besides unequal access to the dollar, another factor that may keep your customers from purchasing your product may be a trade deficit, which could be important if customers are able to obtain import permits.
  
  Lastly, note that foreign countries undergoing economic and industrial development may not collect and disseminate trade statistics. If they do, these statistics may be in a form that cannot be easily interpreted. When such important market information is missing or not understandable, consult a trade agent or eliminate the market.
  
  Political Climate
  Many questions must be asked regarding the political climate of a potential market, such as:
  
• On what type of political system is the country and market based? Is the system stable?
• Will the governmental system affect your customer's ability to import?Will the political system affect tariff rates and licensing requirements?
• Is the legal system supportive of international trade?
• Are there legal tariff and non-tariff barriers? And are there incentives of which you should be aware?
• If the market is politically unstable, how might that affect economic stability?
• What is the overriding attitude for doing business with American companies?
• Has the market or country adopted the International Standards Organization's ISO 9000 processes?
  
  Cultural Climate
  Among over 300 countries in the world, many have their own language, customs and culture. Being educated on the culture and values of your target markets will increase your success.Although currently the international business language is English, it may not be that way for long. It is to your advantage to speak the native language of your customer and understand the culture to communicate more effectively.
  
  Customs and culture also affect consumption of goods. Factors like colors, numbers, and communication fit this category. For example, when considering product or promotional gift colors, keep in mind that white is the color of death in China and Korea, whereas purple is seen in the same light in Spain. In the U.S. yellow implies cowardice, whereas it takes on religious and mystical undertones in India. Study the cultural differences of the target markets and of your own. You may be surprised how a product that is fully accepted by a U.S. market is negatively rejected by its foreign counterparts.
  
  Environmental Factors
  Environmental factors such as climate can influence modifications you must make to your product in order to sell it in a foreign market. Determine if humidity or other climate issues will affect the product performance or appearance as it is in transit or as it is used or consumed.
  
  Geographic Factors
  Geographic factors such as transportation and legal restrictions on travel can also affect your success in a foreign market. To enter a foreign market, a transportation system must be in place (i.e., there must be a way for you to get to your foreign customers). The longer and more remote the distance is to the market, the higher the transportation and travel costs will be.
  
  Determine Necessary Product Modifications for Each Market
  Considering characteristics and risks associated with each market, contemplate how your product must be modified to be sold successfully. The costs of product adaptations add up quickly. Ponder what modifications are necessary and evaluate if the costs make the product unprofitable to export. Target those markets where minimal modifications are needed.

Identify Feasible Markets to Target
Analyze those markets that have the highest potential. As you research, you might have narrowed down your list from many potential markets to two or three that are most likely to purchase your product with minimal modification, and for an acceptable price.Visit your targeted markets to confirm your research findings and begin to think about an export strategy. If possible, cluster potential markets and visit them all in one trip. You may want to think about representation and meet with a few distributors while you are there. Gather relevant data about traveling to your target market.

If you used the provided checklist, take the list with you, along with your current export plan. Have the Trade Manager look it over and ask for suggestions and comments. If you are in California and need to find a Trade Manager, go to the Trade Promotion Service Centers page.